Allodynia is the appearance of pain when exposed to stimuli that normally do not cause pain. It is noted in causalgia, neuropathies and polyneuropathies, herpes zoster, multiple sclerosis, migraine, condition after spinal cord injuries, strokes, spinal operations. To establish the cause of allodynia, data from a survey, general and neurological examination, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and laboratory studies are used. Treatment - analgesics, blockade with anesthetics, vitamins, antidepressants, physiotherapy techniques. Surgery is sometimes recommended.
Article • Read more →Amylorrhea is the appearance in the stool of a large number of starch grains, which indicates a violation of the digestion of carbohydrates. The symptom occurs with enzyme deficiency - chronic pancreatitis, enteritis, pancreatic tumors. Amylorrhea is observed with increased peristalsis, which happens with IBS, intestinal infections, hyperacid gastritis. The diagnostic plan involves functional probe and probeless methods, coprogram, instrumental imaging of the pancreas. Treatment includes diet therapy, pancreatic enzyme preparations, antacids, and probiotics.
Article • Read more →Anuria is a pathological condition in which the amount of urine excreted is less than 50 ml per day. It is detected in acute renal failure of various origins, in the final stage of chronic renal failure, in severe cardiovascular and multiple organ failure, various shock conditions, renal vascular thrombosis, and urolithiasis. The cause of anuria is established on the basis of anamnesis, physical examination data, hardware and laboratory techniques. Treatment includes infusion therapy, extracorporeal detoxification, drugs, surgical methods.
Article • Read more →Asymmetry of body parts can be observed both in normal and pathological conditions. A small congenital or acquired disproportion that does not cause functional and aesthetic disorders is considered acceptable. At the same time, the sudden asymmetry of the face, limbs and body parts often indicates the development of serious diseases. Diagnosis is carried out using physical techniques, instrumental visualization methods (X-ray, CT, ultrasound). Serious signs requiring urgent medical attention are facial asymmetry in stroke, joints in injuries, limbs in lymphedema, shoulders and shoulder blades in scoliosis, etc.
Article • Read more →Asymmetry of the face is more common in nervous diseases and dental pathologies. Less commonly, the cause of the symptom is trauma, ophthalmological, otolaryngological, congenital diseases. Violation can be static or dynamic, develop due to disorders of innervation, edema, excess or lack of tissue. Determining the cause of asymmetry is carried out using data from general, dental, neurological, otolaryngological examination, radiography, and other imaging techniques. Treatment prior to diagnosis is not indicated.
Article • Read more →Asymmetry of the nasolabial folds is a sign of a number of neurological diseases, occurs in some dental pathologies, and may be the result of aesthetic operations, cosmetic manipulations. The difference in depth and angles of inclination of the folds ranges from insignificant to pronounced. Pathology is often observed simultaneously with other types of facial asymmetry. The reason for the violation of the symmetry of the nasolabial folds is determined according to the survey, neurological examination, imaging and electrophysiological techniques. Treatment prior to diagnosis is not indicated.
Article • Read more →Joint asymmetry is observed in traumatic injuries, developmental anomalies, inflammatory and degenerative articular pathologies. Sometimes it occurs as a reaction of the body to diseases of other organs and systems. May be due to edema, fluid accumulation, changes in the configuration of solid structures, atrophy, fibrosis of the periarticular soft tissues. The cause of the asymmetry is determined according to the data of the survey, external examination, radiography, ultrasound, and other imaging and laboratory methods. Painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs may sometimes be taken before a diagnosis is made.
Article • Read more →Basophilia (basophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of basophils more than 150 in 1 μl of blood or more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. It often accompanies eosinophilia, since basophils and eosinophils are jointly involved in many pathological reactions. The causes of basophilia are allergic, inflammatory, oncohematological diseases. There are no specific manifestations, the clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. Measurement of the level of basophils is carried out in the general blood test. To eliminate basophilia, it is necessary to treat the disease against which it arose.
Article • Read more →Patella balloting is a condition in which the patella sinks into the joint during pressure until it contacts the underlying bones, and when the pressure stops, it rises back. Indicates the presence of fluid in the joint. It is caused by the accumulation of blood - hemarthrosis or inflammatory fluid - synovitis. It occurs with injuries, degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the joint, and some other pathologies. To diagnose diseases accompanied by balloting of the patella, radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, puncture, arthroscopy and other procedures are prescribed. Before making a diagnosis, it is necessary to ensure the rest of the limb.
Article • Read more →White discharge from the vagina (leucorrhoea) is the appearance of a thick white discharge from the genital slit. Often there is a secret with a sour smell. The symptom is often accompanied by intense itching and discomfort in the perineum, pain during intercourse. The occurrence of leucorrhoea can provoke natural causes, white discharge is also a sign of a fungal infection of the vagina, dysbiosis. To identify pathological conditions that cause leucorrhea, an examination with mirrors, ultrasound of the pelvic organs, and laboratory tests are performed. To eliminate the symptom, the underlying disease is treated.
Article • Read more →Anxiety is a negative emotional state, expressed by a feeling of uncertainty, the expectation of bad events. It manifests itself internally as a feeling of anxiety, an experience of excitement, and an unpleasant foreboding of impending disaster. External signs of anxiety - absent-mindedness, restlessness, obsessive movements, a suffering facial expression. A survey, observation, and psychodiagnostic tests are used for diagnosis: questionnaires, and projective techniques. Symptomatic care includes psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and relaxation techniques.
Article • Read more →Bilirubinuria is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of bilirubin in the urine. The causes are diseases of the liver and biliary tract (BI). A high concentration of bilirubin stains the urine dark brown. The test for bilirubinuria together with the test for urobilinogenuria (detection of bilirubin derivatives in the urine) is used for the differential diagnosis of jaundice - parenchymal, hemolytic, obstructive. Treatment of the underlying disease is necessary to correct bilirubinuria.
Article • Read more →Painful urination indicates pathological processes in the bladder or urethra. Pain and pain are accompanied by inflammatory pathologies (urethritis, cystitis), STDs, urolithiasis, tumors, and injuries to the genitourinary organs, and foreign bodies. Pain may occur before micturition, during urination, or after urination. The urological examination includes urinalysis, endoscopic (ureteroscopy, cystoscopy), and X-ray diagnostics (cystography, urethrography, CT). Treatment is aimed at eliminating the cause of painful urination (antibiotic therapy, FTL - for infections, surgery - for KSD, neoplasms, injuries).
Article • Read more →Pain in the thigh is an unpleasant or painful sensation caused by a pathological process in the bones, soft tissues, nerves, and vessels of the thigh. It can be constant, intermittent, short-term, weak, intense, dull, or acute. Often combined with edema, dysfunction of the limb. It is caused by trauma, inflammatory, degenerative, tumor diseases, and other factors. The etiology of pain is established based on complaints, examination data, radiography, CT, MRI, and other studies. Until the cause is clarified, rest is shown, sometimes analgesics can be taken.
Article • Read more →Pain in the side is a non-specific symptom of many diseases of the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal space, and small pelvis. To determine the cause of pain in the side, the localization and nature of the pain syndrome, as well as the conditions for its occurrence, a combination with other symptoms, are important. The diagnosis is established taking into account clinical and physical data, ultrasound, endoscopic, x-ray, laboratory studies. The tactics of treatment is determined by the underlying pathology: in case of gastroenterological diseases, a diet, drug therapy are prescribed; in case of surgical pathology, urgent or planned surgical intervention is indicated.
Article • Read more →Pain in the upper abdomen (epigastrium) develops with many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: intestinal infections, gastritis, and peptic ulcer, pathologies of the organs of the pancreatobiliary zone. Some extra-abdominal causes include lower lobe pneumonia, intercostal neuralgia, and lesions of the abdominal aorta and its branches. For diagnostic purposes, a complex of instrumental studies (ultrasound, radiography and CT, endoscopy) is carried out in combination with analyzes and functional methods. To stop the pain, analgesics, antispasmodics and antisecretory drugs are used. A different treatment regimen is selected taking into account the underlying pathology.
Article • Read more →Pain in the upper jaw is provoked by injuries, purulent processes, ganglioneuritis, some dental and otolaryngological diseases, tumors, masticatory muscle pathologies, and temporal arteritis. It can be weak, intense, constant, short-term, pressing, aching, pulling, shooting, or bursting. The cause of the symptom is established based on complaints, examination data, imaging methods, and laboratory tests. Treatment is carried out using painkillers, antibiotics, local manipulations, and surgical interventions.
Article • Read more →Pain in the temples occurs with migraine, hypertension, increased intracranial pressure, trauma, intoxication syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, temporal arteritis, pheochromocytoma, cluster headache and tension headache. Pain sensations can be prolonged, paroxysmal, sharp, dull, pulsating, pressing, shooting, aching, burning. The reason is established according to the survey, examination, laboratory and instrumental techniques. Treatment - analgesics, anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, blockades, surgical interventions.
Article • Read more →Pain in the genitals in women occurs with gynecological pathologies, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, local infectious processes. Sometimes they have an irradiating character, are observed with lesions of the musculoskeletal system, lower intestines and urinary tract. The etiology of the symptom is determined on the basis of complaints, anamnesis, gynecological examination, instrumental studies and laboratory tests. In the course of treatment, medical and physiotherapeutic methods are used. If indicated, operations are performed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the genitals in men may indicate the pathology of the external and internal genital organs, diseases of the urinary tract, rectum of infectious-inflammatory, traumatic, tumor etiology. Radiating pain occurs in some acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity. The determination of the causative pathology is carried out using modern imaging methods (ultrasound of the scrotum and penis, urography, MRI of the external genitalia), laboratory studies. Treatment depends on the location and genesis of the pathological process, it can be conservative or surgical.
Article • Read more →Pain in the eye occurs with burns, traumatic injuries, inflammatory diseases, allergic reactions, increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Painful sensations in the eyes may accompany neurological pathology: neuritis, neuralgia, migraine. To determine the cause of pain in the eye, biomicroscopy, non-contact tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, and orbital radiography are performed. Analgesics are used to relieve pain. Etiotropic treatment depends on the underlying pathology.
Article • Read more →Pain in the lower leg indicates the presence of a pathological process in the region of the tibia and fibula, soft tissues, blood vessels, and nerves. They can be short-term, constant, periodic, acute, dull, weak, intense. Often there is a connection with the load. To determine the cause of pain, radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and other studies are prescribed. Until the diagnosis is clarified, rest is recommended; under certain conditions, it is acceptable to take painkillers.
Article • Read more →Pain in the ankle is a non-specific symptom that indicates the pathology of the ankle joint, the epiphyseal ends of the bones that form it, as well as ligaments, tendons and tendon sheaths. The pain syndrome can be based on a variety of causes - mechanical damage, autoimmune inflammation, malignant neoplasm, degenerative process. Pain can be aching, throbbing, burning, pulling, arching, etc., sometimes depending on external factors. Diagnosis is carried out using radiography, CT, MRI, arthroscopy, joint puncture. Until the cause is clarified, rest, the use of painkillers is recommended.
Article • Read more →Sore throat is pain in the pharynx and larynx, which is often aggravated by talking and swallowing. There are various causes leading to sore throat: viral and bacterial diseases of the pharynx, allergic reactions and tumor processes, hypovitaminosis. To identify the etiological factor, an instrumental examination of the respiratory tract, radiography, ultrasound, bacteriological and serological reactions are carried out. To stop the pain that has arisen in the throat, use a warm alkaline drink, rinses, physiotherapy.
Article • Read more →Chest pain on the left is pain sensations of a compressive, stabbing, pressing nature, which are localized in the left half of the chest. Most often, the symptom is caused by coronary and non-coronary heart diseases, pain is observed with inflammation of the left lung and pleura, collagenosis, and gastrointestinal pathology. To establish the cause of the pain syndrome, an ECG, ultrasound of the heart, chest x-ray, clinical and bacteriological studies are performed, and invasive diagnostic methods are used. Nitroglycerin and NSAIDs are used to relieve pain, etiotropic drugs are selected after the underlying disease is identified.
Article • Read more →Pain in the chest on the right is a stabbing, burning, squeezing pain in the right side of the chest. Soreness occurs with pathologies of the lower respiratory tract and pleura, chest injuries, diseases of the hepatobiliary system, damage to the neuromuscular apparatus. To determine the cause of chest pain, radiography and sonography of the chest and abdominal cavity, endoscopic diagnostic methods, ECG, and a set of laboratory tests are used. In order to stop the pain syndrome, analgesics, physiotherapeutic methods, etiotropic drugs are prescribed.
Article • Read more →Chest pain (thoracalgia) is pain in the chest of varying nature and intensity. Soreness often radiates to the arm, shoulder blade, collarbone. The symptom occurs during pathological processes in the lungs, mediastinal organs, with damage to the heart, neuromuscular apparatus. Sometimes the chest hurts in diseases of the abdominal organs. To establish the cause of thoracalgia, ultrasound and X-ray of the chest organs, EGDS are performed, the abdominal cavity is examined, and laboratory tests are prescribed. To relieve pain, analgesics, NSAIDs, physiotherapy methods are used.
Article • Read more →Pain in the lip is observed with various types of cheilitis, herpes, traumatic injuries, atypical form of lichen planus of the oral cavity, trigeminal neuralgia, lip cancer. In the absence of significant skin defects, it is often burning, often combined with itching, with the appearance of cracks - sore, with neurological pathology - extremely intense, shooting. The cause is established on the basis of examination data, instrumental and laboratory methods. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic local agents, immunomodulators, regeneration stimulants, other drugs of general action, physiotherapy techniques. Surgery is sometimes recommended.
Article • Read more →Pain in the gums occurs with gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal disease, stomatitis, developing against the background of local changes or somatic diseases. It is detected with malocclusion, mechanical damage. It can be weak, intense, permanent, short-term. Often occurs when eating, brushing teeth. The cause of the symptom is determined on the basis of complaints, dental examination data and additional studies. Treatment is carried out using general and local means: antiseptics, anesthetics, analgesics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs. According to indications, dental operations are performed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the stomach develops with functional digestive disorders, intestinal infections, gastritis and peptic ulcer. The symptom occurs with foreign bodies and neoplasms of the stomach, pyloric stenosis, NSAID gastropathy. To diagnose the causes of abdominal pain syndrome, instrumental methods are used - ultrasound, EFGDS, X-ray examination, intragastric pH-metry. To eliminate pain, medications are used: drugs that reduce gastric secretion, antacids, antispasmodics and prokinetics. In acute conditions, gastric lavage, sorbents, antidotes are prescribed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the gallbladder most often indicates biliary dyskinesia, acute or chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis. Less commonly, pain syndrome occurs against the background of cholangitis, parasitic invasions, neoplasms. For the diagnosis of etiological factors, instrumental visualization is used - ultrasound, cholecystography, ERCP, scintigraphy. Laboratory techniques include bile analysis, clinical and biochemical blood tests. To stop the symptom, painkillers and antispasmodics, antibiotics, choleretic drugs are prescribed. According to the indications, surgical treatment is performed - cholecystectomy.
Article • Read more →Abdominal pain is a symptom typical of a number of gastroenterological, surgical, gynecological, urological, proctological, and infectious diseases. In addition, reflected abdominal pain can occur with diseases of the spine, organs of the chest cavity. For the purpose of differential diagnosis of abdominal pain, laboratory, radiological, ultrasound, endoscopic, minimally invasive surgical methods are used. Treatment is selected taking into account the root cause: in some cases it is conservative, medical, in others - operational (planned or emergency).
Article • Read more →Pain in the anus is often provoked by diseases of the rectum and perianal region. It can be caused by proctitis, anal fissure, abscess, thrombosis of hemorrhoids, a foreign body, trauma, tumors, etc. Pain can be combined with itching, purulent or bloody discharge, stool disturbance, a feeling of having a foreign object. To diagnose the causes of pain in the anus, it is necessary to conduct a proctological examination, anoscopy, rectoscopy, and laboratory tests. From conservative methods of treatment, microclysters, suppositories, physiotherapy are used, from radical ones - endoscopic and open operations on the rectum and anal canal.
Article • Read more →Pain in the anus in women occurs with diseases of the rectum, female genital organs, urinary system. It happens constant, short-term, sharp, dull, sharp, burning, pulsating, pressing, aching, stabbing, pulling. Sometimes combined with stool disorders, tenesmus, blood, mucus. The causes of the symptom are established on the basis of the data of the survey, external, proctological and gynecological examination, anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, ultrasound, anal manometry, coprogram, analysis for worm eggs, biopsy studies. For treatment, rectal suppositories, microclysters, physiotherapy, and general preparations are used.
Article • Read more →Pain in the anus in men occurs with proctological diseases, some andrological pathologies. It can be short-term, long-term, constant, insignificant, moderate, strong, dull, sharp, burning, pressing, pulling, bursting, cutting, pulsating. Perhaps a combination with itching, burning, tenesmus, constipation, diarrhea, mucous or bloody discharge. To establish the etiology of the pain syndrome, a survey, external examination, ultrasound, sigmoidoscopy, anoscopy, and laboratory tests are performed. Treatment regimens include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, coating preparations, local procedures.
Article • Read more →Wrist pain is a specific discomfort that indicates the presence of a pathological process in the area of the wrist joint, wrist bones, and nearby soft tissues. It can be dull, acute, constant, short-term, diffuse, local, irradiating, etc. Often associated with the time of day or physical activity. Causes of pain in the wrist are determined by the survey, physical examination, radiography, ultrasound, MRI, CT, arthroscopy, laboratory tests. Until the etiology of the pain syndrome is established, rest, taking analgesics is recommended.
Article • Read more →Pain in the back of the head is observed with migraine, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, arterial hypertension, cerebral atherosclerosis, meningitis, encephalitis, occipital neuralgia, head and neck injuries, and some diseases of the muscles and spine. It can be dull, acute, local, diffuse, pressing, burning, pulsating. The cause of the symptom is established on the basis of complaints, examination data, additional instrumental and laboratory techniques. Treatment - analgesics, antibiotics, NSAIDs, antihypertensive, lipid-lowering drugs, neuroprotectors, physiotherapy, surgery.
Article • Read more →Pain in the hand indicates the presence of a pathological process in the bones and soft tissue structures of the distal upper limb. Sensations differ significantly in nature and duration, they can be weak, intense, sharp, dull, long-term, short-term. Sometimes there is a connection between pain and physical activity, other factors. To clarify the diagnosis, a survey, physical examination, radiography, CT, MRI of the hand, and other diagnostic procedures are carried out. Until the cause of the pain is determined, rest is recommended, sometimes analgesics are allowed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the intestine occurs with a functional disorder - irritable bowel syndrome, common organic diseases - intestinal infections, chronic enteritis and enterocolitis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Less commonly, symptoms indicate neoplasms, diverticula, acute surgical pathology. To diagnose the causes of pain in the intestines, laboratory tests, ultrasound, endoscopic, x-ray methods are used. For the treatment of pain, diet therapy, drugs (antibiotics, antispasmodics, probiotics), and surgical methods are used.
Article • Read more →Pain in the collarbone is a specific discomfort in the shoulder girdle, caused by the pathology of the collarbone itself, the surrounding soft tissues, and distant organs. It can be sharp, dull, constant, periodic, aching, breaking, stabbing, pressing, tearing. In some cases, there is a connection with weather conditions, exacerbation of chronic diseases, and other factors. To determine the cause of pain, radiography, CT, MRI, and other studies are prescribed. Until the diagnosis is established, rest is recommended, sometimes we can take painkillers, apply gels, ointments.
Article • Read more →Pain in the knee is a sign of pathological processes affecting the cartilage, bone or soft tissue structures of the femoral-tibial and femoral-patellar joints. Arthralgia can be based on injuries, inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the articular apparatus and periarticular structures. Patients may complain of sharp, aching, burning, throbbing and other types of pain that occur at rest or when moving, supporting, bending and unbending the leg at the knee. Diagnosis of causative pathology includes methods of instrumental imaging (Rg, ultrasound, CT or MRI, arthroscopy), puncture of the articular bag, biochemical and immunological analyzes. Until the diagnosis is clarified, rest, joint immobilization, NSAIDs and analgesics are recommended.
Article • Read more →Pain in the coccyx is a manifestation of pathological processes in the coccyx, sacrococcygeal joint and surrounding tissues. The cause of the pain syndrome is inflammatory or degenerative changes, traumatic injury, developmental anomaly, or neoplasm. Pain in the coccyx often has a reflected character, provoked by pathologies of the overlying sections of the spine and diseases of the pelvic organs. The pain may intensify in a certain position of the body or when performing any actions, sometimes radiating to the buttocks, lower back, perineum and internal organs. The cause of pain is established using external and rectal examination, hardware studies (radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, etc.). Until the diagnosis is clarified, rest, unloading of the coccyx, analgesics are recommended.
Article • Read more →Pain in the pelvic bones occurs with injuries, inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases, tumors of bones, soft tissue structures, blood diseases, metabolic disorders in bone tissue. It can be strong, weak, constant, intermittent, sharp, dull, aching, stabbing, pulling, twitching, pulsating. Sometimes associated with physical activity, other circumstances. The cause of the pain is found out with the help of a survey, external examination, X-ray data, ultrasound, other instrumental and laboratory studies. Until the diagnosis is made, rest is recommended, sometimes analgesics can be taken.
Article • Read more →Pain in the sacrum is provoked by lesions of the sacrum itself, sacroiliac joints, surrounding soft tissues, nervous structures and pelvic organs. It can be sharp, dull, pressing, aching, pulling, constant, intermittent, weak or intense. Sometimes there is a connection with the level of physical activity, the menstrual cycle and other circumstances. To determine the cause of pain in the sacrum, a survey, an objective examination, radiography, CT and other studies are carried out. Until the diagnosis is established, rest is recommended, in some cases the use of painkillers is allowed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the left half of the head is observed with migraine, paroxysmal hemicrania, hypnic and cluster headache, vertebrobasilar insufficiency. It is detected at the initial stage of brain tumors, with limited arachnoiditis, Horton's disease, some ENT diseases and pathologies of the cervical spine. It can be acute, dull, prolonged, paroxysmal, pressing, bursting, breaking, pulsating. The cause is established on the basis of complaints, interview data, neurological examination, additional studies. As part of therapeutic measures, NSAIDs, triptans, steroids, caffeine preparations, and physiotherapy are prescribed. Sometimes operations are performed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the left side is observed with constipation, IBS, inflammatory (sigmoiditis, UC, diverticulitis) and neoplastic diseases of the intestine. Pain in the left flank and iliac region is characteristic of intestinal infections, chronic pancreatitis, hernias. Women are worried about pain in pathologies of the genital organs. To diagnose the causes of pain, laboratory, radiological, endoscopic and ultrasound methods are prescribed. Therapeutic measures include diet selection, probiotics and enzymes, laxatives, NSAIDs and antispasmodics. In complicated forms of gastroenterological diseases, surgical intervention is performed.
Article • Read more →Pain in the left hypochondrium most often develops with pathologies of the abdominal organs: acute and chronic pancreatitis, Payr's syndrome, splenomegaly and traumatic injuries of the spleen. Occasionally, a symptom occurs with lung damage (pneumonia and pleurisy), an atypical form of myocardial infarction, intercostal neuralgia. To diagnose the causes of pain, an instrumental examination is carried out using ultrasound, radiological and radioisotope methods. Treatment includes analgesics, etiopathogenetic agents (enzymes, antibiotics, drugs with antisecretory effect), surgical interventions.
Article • Read more →Pain in the elbow joint is a specific discomfort that indicates the presence of a pathological process in the joint itself or surrounding tissues. Often accompanied by swelling, can be combined with hyperemia, hyperthermia, and other symptoms. It can be diffuse, localized, superficial, deep, dull or acute. It varies from mild to unbearable, sometimes depending on the weather, physical activity or time of day. To determine the cause of pain, radiography, ultrasound, MRI, CT, arthroscopy, and laboratory tests are used. NSAIDs, analgesics, physiotherapy procedures are used for relief.
Article • Read more →Pain in the mammary gland (mastalgia) is a unilateral or bilateral pain in the chest in women. The symptom is accompanied by heaviness and swelling of the mammary gland, discharge from the nipple. Mastalgia is caused by hormonal changes, inflammatory and infectious diseases, benign and malignant neoplasms of the breast. To verify the cause of pain, ultrasound, radiography, invasive methods, and laboratory tests are used. To eliminate the pain syndrome, analgesics, hormonal drugs, physiotherapy are used.
Article • Read more →Pain in the bladder is observed with various types of cystitis, paracystitis, acute urinary retention, malacoplakia, cysts, benign and malignant tumors, traumatic injuries and foreign bodies of the bladder. It can be strong, weak, dull, sharp, cutting, aching, stabbing. Often combined with pain in the lower abdomen, urination disorders, changes in urine. The cause of the symptom is determined on the basis of complaints, examination data, laboratory and hardware techniques. Treatment is carried out using antibiotics, NSAIDs, analgesics, physiotherapy. According to indications, catheterization is performed, operations are performed.
Article • Read more →